Meaning:

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to mistakenly attack the body's own tissues, primarily the joints. It results in inflammation, pain, and swelling, often leading to joint damage and deformities over time. Unlike osteoarthritis, RA can also affect other body systems such as the skin, lungs, heart, and blood vessels.

Symptoms:

• Persistent joint pain, stiffness, and swelling, often affecting multiple joints symmetrically (e.g., both wrists, knees, or hands).
• Morning stiffness lasting longer than 30 minutes or throughout the day.
• Fatigue, fever, and a general feeling of malaise.
• Visible joint deformities or reduced range of motion in advanced stages.

Possible Causes:

• Immune System Dysfunction: RA occurs when the immune system attacks the synovium (lining of the joints), causing inflammation and joint damage.
• Genetics: A family history of RA or specific genetic markers (e.g., HLA-DR4) increases susceptibility.
• Environmental Triggers: Factors such as smoking, infections, or exposure to certain chemicals may trigger RA in genetically predisposed individuals.
• Hormonal Factors: RA is more common in women, suggesting hormonal influences may play a role.

Care and Treatment:

Medications:

• Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): To reduce pain and inflammation.
• Corticosteroids: For short-term inflammation control.
• Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): Such as methotrexate to slow disease progression.
• Biologic Agents: Targeted therapies like TNF inhibitors to reduce inflammation and immune system activity.

Physical Therapy:

• Exercises to improve joint flexibility, muscle strength, and overall function.
• Assistive devices like braces or splints to protect joints.

Lifestyle Changes:

• Maintaining a healthy weight to reduce joint strain.
• Eating an anti-inflammatory diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and omega-3 fatty acids.
• Avoiding smoking and managing stress to improve overall health.

Surgical Options:

• Joint repair or replacement surgeries in severe cases where joint damage affects mobility or quality of life.